01+Describe+the+growing+consolidation+of+political+power+in+Europe+from+1500+to+1800+as+manifested+in+the+rise+of+nation+states+ruled+by+monarchs

Louis XIV was only 4 years old when he began his reign as king of France in 1643. He was king for over 72 years until he died in 1715. It was the longest documented reign of any European monarch. He was nicknamed by the people of France, the Sun King. He disregarded Feudalism from France and is best known for leading France as the most powerful country in Europe. During his reign France engaged in 3 wars, the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg and the War of the Spanish Succession.
 * Describe the growing consolidation of political power in Europe from 1500 to 1800 as manifested in the rise of nation states ruled by monarchs :**
 * 1A. the rise of the French monarchy, including the policies and influence of Louis XIV: **

Louis XIV was called the Sun King, because it was said that the courts of Europe revolved around him and his life, which proves how much power he had in decision making in mid 1600's to early 1700's.

By 1685, Louis XIV stood at the apogee of his power. One of France's chief rivals, the Holy Roman Empire, was occupied in fighting the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War, which began in 1683 and lasted till 1699.

Louis XIV, also known as the Sun King, reigned from 1643 to 1715, which is the longest time any European monarch has ever ruled. Louis XIV ruled by absolutism, in which he made all the laws, executed the laws, and judged people who disobeyed the laws. Louis XIV was called the sun king because the entire European court orbited around him, and he was one of the most influetential people of his time period, considered to be one of the greatest kings of France.

For much of Louis XIV's reign, France stood as the leading European power, engaging in three major wars; the Franco-Dutch War, the war of the League of Ausburg and the War of the Spanish Succession.

The time between 1500 and 1800 was the time of absolute monarchy. Louis XIV was the longest ruling king, with that time period and out of all the European monarchs. Louis XIV was known to spend money and a lot of it. Louis XIV made France one of the strongest European powers during his reign. The monarchy gained all of its power by overtaxing the peasants so they became overly wealthy and then the peasants started to realize this and that’s how the French revolution started. When Louis demanded European recognition of all his territorial gains—and did so by invading German lands to compel such recognition—he precipitated the League of Augsburg war in which he faced the ‘Grand Alliance’ of the English, Dutch, Spanish, and Austria, along with several lesser German states and Savoy. During this war Louis army won all its major battles and enjoyed the upper hand in siege warfare, but the struggle so exhausted France that Louis sacrificed some of his earlier acquisitions to secure a peace settlement. Monarchs had complete power in this time period and king Louis had the longest rule of any European monarch. The monarchy gained all of its power by overtaxing the peasants so they became overly wealthy and then the peasants started to realize this and that’s how the French revolution started.

Louis XIV’s domestic policy was to transform France. Louis XIV built on Louis Xi's policy of extending absolute royal rule to all parts of the kingdom. Louis was the archetypal absolutist monarch. King Louis XIV, by the 1680's had successfully increased the Crowns authority and influence over the aristocracy and Church. Due to this, he implemented many new regulations and rules regarding the clergy, found in the "Deceleration of Clergy of France." King Louis ruled the longest of all european monarchs to this day. He also is known for his reforms. By the early 1680s Louis had greatly augmented French influence in the world. Domestically, he successfully increased the Crown's influence and authority over the Church and aristocracy.

Louis was called a "traitor" by Maximilien Robespierre because documents were found proving the fact that Louis was planning to leave France.

Robespierre later became leader of the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror.

Louis XIV policies made France greater he dragged France out of mediavel ages and since his reign, France became the ideal culture. He influenced the enlightment era, he him self living in the majestic Versialles. Louis wanted to create a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis' minority.

this monarchy reached maximum power when they overtaxed the peasents which caused the french revolution to occur for the longest time.
Launched economic reconstruction and dealt with the religious turmoil by acknowledging and accepting both Catholicism and Protestantism From 1618-1648, The Thirty Years War was known as one of the most destructive conflicts in the history of Europe. The war took place in Germany but at points the war had nearly had all European countries involved, and there were many reasons for it. It is believed that the primary cause was a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants. The Thirty Years war was very destructive on Europe, bringing forth famine and disease and bankruptcy to military leaders. The war was ended by the Peace of Westphalia.
 * 1B. the Thirty Years War and the Peace of Westphalia: **

Over a four year period, the Holy Roman Emperor, France and Sweden were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia. The end of the war was not brought about by one treaty but instead by a group of treaties such as the Treaty of Hamburg. On 15 May 1648, the Peace of Munster was signed ending the Eighty Years' War. Over five months later, on October 24th, the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück were signed.

This war was the Catholics solution to the growing problem of Protestantism, but the Protestants showed that they would not bow down to the Catholic Churches power. The result was a long and bloody war.

The war became more a continuation of the Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers, and less specifically about religion.

The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. The Thirty Years War consisted of declared and undeclared wars during the years of 1618-1648

The Peace of Westphalia were actually peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years War and The Eighty Years War between Spain and the Dutch Republic.

The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe.

The peace of Westphalia ended the 30 years war which was the most destructive war in European history.

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought mainly in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties that were signed between May and October of 1648. It was signed in Osnabruck and Munster and it included many different people and places. countries of Europe. Naval warfare also reached overseas and shaped the colonial formation of future nations. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complicated, and no one cause is the main reason for the fighting. Initially, the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestant and Catholicsin the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part.

The Thirty Years' War which lasted from 1618 through 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Naval warfare also reached overseas and shaped the colonial formation of future nations

Over a four year period, the parties (Holy Roman Emperor, France and Sweden) were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia. The end of the war was not brought about by one treaty but instead by a group of treaties.

The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between protestants and catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Westphalia largely settled German affairs for the next century and a half, it ended relgous conflicts in the states and included official recignition of Calvinism. It changed the boundaries of the empire, France, Sweden, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Bavaria. This made the Holy Roman Empire lose tremdous power.

The peace of Westphalia is a serie s of treaties signed in May and October 1648. It was also known as "Peace of Exhaustion." It ended the 30 years war.

Tsars were powerful Russian monarchs and supreme rulers who made Russia into a powerful empire in the 1500s. One of these tsars, Peter the Great, ruled from 1682-1696. During his reign he led Russia to war with the Baltic countries known as the Great Northern War. He was very succesful making Russia a powerful force in Eastern Europe.
 * 1C. the growing power of Russian tsars, including the attempts at Westernization by Peter the Great, the growth of serfdom, and Russia’s rise as an important force in Eastern Europe and Asia: **

Tsar is a title used to designate certain Eastern-European monarchs or supreme rulers. As a system of government, it is known as Tsarism.

Petre the Great westernized russia which made russia grow faster as a country.

Peter the great created a strong army with russian tradition and western ideas

Peter the Great combined Western ideas with Russian tradition to modernize his country and create a powerful army and navy.

Peter the Great ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from May 7 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V. He carried out a policy of modernization and expansion that transformed the Tsardom of Russia into a 3-billion acre Russian Empire, a major European power.

The history of Russia begins with that of the Eastern Slavs and the Finno-Ugric people.

Peter the great was known for dragging Russia out of medieval times and westernizing Russia. Peter the great alos put efforts to improve the Russian Navy. He centralized the governments modernized the army his domestic policies allowed him to execute an agressive foreign policy.

Serfdom grew largely in Russia and almost all of these serfs belonged to the tsar, but in 1861 the Tsar Alexander II passed the Emancipation Manifesto in attempt to free serfs so that Russia could move into an industrialized civilization. Prussia was a region in Germany populated by a group of people who were related to the Latvian and Lithuanian people. Prussia had a major effect on German history and a capital of Prussia was Berlin as it is for Germany today. In the 13th century Prussia was conquered by the Teutonic Knights, a group of knights who were under a religious order. From 1701-1918, Prussia was known as the Kingdom of Prussia and its territory consisted over two-thirds of Germany until World War 1.
 * 1D. the rise of Prussia: **

Prussia was a primary power in Europe until the End of World War One, It had a long run and was a very powerful country while it lasted.

Prussia was German Kingom that had much influence on German and European History. In the 18th century it grew to become a great European power.

Frederick, the Great Elector's son, was an ambitious ruler. He assisted the Holy Roman Emperor in wars against France and the Turks. In return, the Hohenzollern domain was made the kingdom of Prussia by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1701.

There is Prussia and their allies led by Fredrick II and opposing them is Austria and their allies.

Prussia had lasted for 422 years. (1525- 1947) Like other countries during 1500-1800, it was ruled by absolute monarchy. Became a European power in the 18th century under the rule of Frederick the Great. Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the [|Duchy of Prussia].

The rise of early Prussia was based on the raising of wheat and selling that wheat abroad. Prussia for centuries, influenced German and European history, as it took part in a number of wars and had been involved in affairs with other countries.

Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state. For centuries, this state had substantial influence on German and European history. After the Second Peace of Thorn of 1466, Prussia was split into the western Royal Prussia, a province of Poland, and the eastern part, since 1525 called Duchy of Prussia, a fief of the Crown of Poland up to 1657. The union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 led to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701.

Prussia, located on German land it was poor in population it started to get better when a ruling family of the state of Brandenburg obtained Prussia as an hereditary duchy in 1525. In 1618 there was a unifcation under the rule of the Hohenzollern family. It is when Fredick William was ruler when the German states were weak he further unfied the lands and welcome French, German and Swiss protestants from refuggees from religous persicution. A great European power in the 18th century. European and German history was greatly affected by the rise. The Polish-Sweden Wars were a series of military conflict between Poland and Sweden in the early 1600s. The conflict consisted of 4 wars from 1600-1611, 1617-1618, 1621-1625 and from 1626-1629.
 * 1E. Poland and Sweden: **

In 1628 the Polish forces, lacking funding, were forced to stop their offensive and switch to defense. Gustav Adolf captured Nowy and Brodnica. Koniecpolski counterattacked by using his small forces most efficiently — fast cavalry melee attacks combined with the supporting fire of infantry and artillery, and using fortifications and terrain advantage. By that time the war had become a war of maneuver with neither side willing to face the other without advantages of terrain or fortifications.

Poland and Sweden fought in a serise of wars called the Polish- Swedish wars, that lasted about 1563 to 1721. The conflict between the two countries dates back to the time of the war against Sigismund The The Poland and Sweeden is

sometimes referred to as the Livonian War (1558–1583).

Sweden had been at war with Poland ever since 1600, a war which again and again had been interrupted by periods of truce. Such an armistice expired in November 1620; in 1621, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus succeeded in taking the city of Riga.

The Polish–Swedish Wars were a series of wars between the Polsih-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. Broadly construed, the term refers to a series of wars between 1563 and 1721.

the polish vs swedish wars were between the polish lithuanian commonwealth and sweden, they lasted from 1563 to 1721.

The Polish–Swedish Wars were a series of wars between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. Broadly construed, the term refers to a series of wars between 1563 and 1721. More narrowly, it refers two particular wars between 1600 and 1629.

The polish Swedish war was dveloped from the Swedish Civil War. There was an alliance between the Commonwealth of Polish-Lithuania and Sweden towards the end of the Livonian War. Sigismund Vasa, the Heir to the Swedish throne, had been elected king of Poland -Lithuania in an attempt to secure the alliance instead he did not gain the Swedish Throne and instead the sweish throne was given to Charles IX. inthe polish swedish war Sweden had a distinct advantage over the Commonwealth because they wereble to recruit troops ,uch quicker and for a variety of reasons such as there centralised goverment and they forced free peasents to be drafted.

one of the most destructive conflicts in european history.

Henry IV restored authority of centeral government A war between the Polish-Lituanian Commonwealth and Sweden. It lasted from 1563 till 1721. And the 16th century conflict is sometimes referred to as the Livonian War (1558-1583).