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**3A.** Enlightenment thinkers promoted and asked for human rights, liberty, freedom and equal protection under law. **3B.** The French Revolution showed Colonists that freedom was possible. Colonists looking for freedom took enlightenment ideas, such as; liberty, freedom and equal rights. **4A.** By reducing the monarchy's power, social classes became equal and the middle class was gaining more power. 5D. Canals and Railroads led to products being distributed faster and in a simpler way. 5C.Adam Smith said the free market would produce more product and lower prices making it affordable for everyone, rich and poor. 6D. Factories machines were harmful and caused pollution. Workers could get their fingers or limbs ripped off and could lose their lives, standing at the machines for so long could cause problems later in life. 6B. New farming technologies led to faster and better food production. People ate better and were healthier, living longer. Healthier woman gave birth to healthier, stronger children that lived for a longer time. 7. Robert Owen believed the conditions people lived in shaped their character. 12A: Sepoy solders were forced to travel, bite bullets greased with animal fat and a new law was formed stating Hindu woman could remarry. These things broke Hindu and Muslim religion and led to the Sepoy Rebellion. 12B: The British East India Trading Company tried to help Indians by building roads, canals and universities. These western things were not wanted by Indians. 13C: China didn't want Western things because they thought the things they had in their country were better. 13F: As Western presence increased another Rebellion started, the Boxer Rebellion. The Rebellion crushed and foreign involvement in China would not end. 14A: Meiji Reformers were focused on strengthening Japan against the West. 14B: Meiji took after the Germans example by making all citizens equal before the law but had a legislature or Diet in charge. 15A: Every country in Africa was taken over by a European Country, except Liberia and Ethiopia. Ethiopia fought against Italy and won, because of their modern weapons and skilled fighting skills. 16B: White people were racist towards Latin Americans because they weren't white. Whites thought they were superior to other races because of their skin color.
 * ANDERSON, BRENNA:**
 * 2A.** On September 3, 1651 the war ended at the Battle of Worcester when Parliament defeated the Royalists.
 * 2B.****The** English Bill of Rights stopped the monarchy from raising taxes without Parliament's permission.

1A: King Louis XIV, by the 1680's had successfully increased the Crowns authority and influence over the aristocracy and Church. Due to this, he implemented many new regulations and rules regarding the clergy, found in the "Decleration of Clergy of France." 1D: Prussia for centuries, influenced German and European history, as it took part in a number of wars and had been involved in affairs with other countries. 2A: England was the main exception to the growth of absolutism, because the English Civil War was to oppose absolutism and bring more power to the parliament. 3A: The effects of Enlightenment political ideas influenced the French Revolution, as it created people to question authority and demand for fairer rights. 3B: The American Revolution influenced the French Revolution, because it showed the French that a succesful revolution was possible and could bring change to unfair policies or rights. 5A: The seed drill increased crop production as much as eight times, as it was way more efficient than spreading seeds by hand. With a surplus in food, the population also grew bigger, as it was easier to feed more people. 6A: With the Industrial Revolution many adults, as well as young children left to work in the mills. Products were produced at a faster rate than before with the new inventions and the cheap cost of labor. 7D: Karl Marx played a major role in developing socialism and communism into what it is today. He believed communism would eventually replace capitalism. 9B: Child labor laws changed a lot for families depending on their children(s)' incomes, however children wouldn't risk getting hurt in the mills. Health/unemployment insurance offered a back-up for those needing it, if something were to go wrong. 14A: An alliance between Saigo Takamori and Kido Takayoshi led to the foundation of the Meiji Restoration. One cause for the Meiji restoration was that the Japanese knew that they were behind the rest of the world. 12A: After India was under the rule of Britain and the Queen, India got representatives in the government. This led to ideas being created, for the independence of India and its own goverment. 12B: With the building of roads, canals, and universities, commerce profited, and ideas and influences were more widely spread than they had been. 13C: Over the decades, with more and more ports being under the control of foreign powers, trade ultimately increased, almost by force. It was against the will of the China. 13D: One arguement against opium at them time was that if opium is illegal in Britain, then it should also be the same in China. However, opium trade continued regardless of this. 14C: After seeing that it was behind in modernization, Japan began to adopt Western ideas which led to the evolution of Japan, eventually making it one of the top countries in Asia. 14D: Japan had begun to imperialize into an empire, after its modernization. An example of this would be when Japan and China fought over who should control Korea. China had more resources, however Japan had more modernize warfare and easily won. 15A: When European nation's set off to imperialize Africa, no consultation had been made with the Africans, resulting in anger in dispute among the two controversial sides. Of course the Africans fought back, but most had little success. 16A: The Spanish American wars for independence were caused by Latin Americans wanting to break free from Spanish rule and took place during the early 19th century. Writing: A strong essay should analyze the key points it is describing/comparing thoroughly and accurately. Any information obtained from another source should be sited in a bibliography. However, be careful with what sources you use, as many of them can be historically incorrect. Content: In a History paper, you should avoided using any information that you cannot prove to be true or factual. Using information of this sort can result in contradictions in your paper, and it will hurt your grade. Make sure to follow the format in which the paper is required to be written in.
 * BALUTA, ALEX:**

1A. King Louis XIV made France a world power under his rule as king. He was well known and well liked during the beginning of his rule as king, but as time went on people soon started to realize that he was a tyrant and was one of the several reasons the people of France called for revolution. 1B. A result of the thirty years war was that it caused Germany to divide into several different ares, also known as territories. 2A. September 3rd, 1651. That is when the war ended at the Battle of Worcester when the Parliament defeats the Royalists. 2B. The revolution limited the kings power by giving more leeway to the Parliament of England. 3A. The effects of the Enlightenment age caused people to question the authority of the government/parliament, so the y demanded better fairer rights.
 * BELLONE, LUKE:**

5A. The causes of the Industrial Revolution; one of the causes was an increase in population so therefore there was a much bigger need for food and people need to find a way to increase production. Also new technologies in engineering and machinery came about, again making it easier to grow crops and distribute them throughout the world. Encouraging the growth of the economy and Industrial Revolution. 6A. New farming methods and technologies took control of the economy skyrocketing its production and becoming the platform on which the industrial Revolution stands on, it was because of farming that new factories and machinery spurred on the revolution. 6B. New farming technologies helped people live longer and with better health therefore carrying on longer, better, healthier lifestyles, and bearing more and more children because of this. This is the cause of the Urban boom and growth of population during the Industrial Revolution. 6C. Artisans and Factory heads began the middle class as the Industrial Revolution began and workers started flooding in, so Artisans started taking control of the factories and therefore becoming more healthy and the new "middle class". 7D. Marxism is a response to the Industrial Revolution. Marxism is also what common day Communism is based off of. !writing! When writing your research make sure you have factual information. This information must be proved by having a source. A source for your information can be a book, a website or a magazine. There are different types of sources, primary sources and secondary. If you do not site your sources it is considered plagiarism.
 * BENTLEY, JULIA:**

**2B**The English Bill of Rights listed twelve of King Jame's policies which were:
 * by assuming and exercising the dispensing power;
 * by prosecuting the Seven Bishops; by establishing of the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes;
 * by levying money for the crown by pretense of prerogative than the same was granted by Parliament;
 * by raising and maintaining a standing army in peacetime without the consent of Parliament;
 * by disarming Protestants and arming Catholics contrary to law;
 * by violating the election of MPs;
 * by prosecuting in the King's Bench for matters cognizable only in Parliament and "divers other arbitrary and illegal courses";
 * by employing unqualified persons to serve on juries;
 * by requiring an excessive bail for persons committed in criminal cases;
 * by imposing excessive fines and "illegal and cruel punishments inflicted";
 * by making "several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the person, upon whom the same were to be levied".

**8B** The Slavery Abolition Act was an 1833 act of the Parliament of the UK abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire. The Act was repealed in 1998 as part of a wider rationalization of English statute law, but later anti-slavery legislation remains in force.

[I did 5 but the website messed up and I can only find these 2 from the 5 I did.]

1B: The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties that ended many wars and conflicts in Europe. 1C: Peter the Great was a Russian leader that helped modernize Russia and to bring it out of the dark ages they were living in. 1D: Prussia was a kingdom located in North Germany which influenced Germany's political and economic changes in the government but was eventually destroyed. 3A: The Enlightenment Period was a cause for the French Revolution because it questioned Church religion and it upseted the church it also spread ideas of other revolutions that were going through the world inspired the third estate to have their own. 6A: As factories took over the industrial era in America, many started to appear. With new factories came many workers looking for work. As this cycle continued the United States productivity went increasing fast and with high productivity, came high profits. 6D: Even though this revolution made the United States rich and powerful, it had many flaws. The health conditions in the factories were horrible, when children and women got hired, some were brutally injured from machines and poisonous factory air. 12A: Britain expanded into Asia when East India Company started. 12C: Nationalism started when well-educated Indians wanted to live imperialism-free which came from western influences 13D: Began when China banned opium from China. 13F: When Chinese infantry used martial arts to fight the British out of China. 14A: The Meiji Restoration brought back imperialistic rule. 14B: The abolition of feudalism made all of Japan "equal" 15A: Ethiopa was the only country able to hold it's ground. 16C: 71% of Latin America was catholic 1B) One of the most significant issues that led to the Thirty Years' War was the Protestant Reformation 1D) In the 13th century Prussia was conquered by a group of knights who were under a religious order called the Teutonic Knights. 3B) The American revolution helped the lower classed civilian’s show that they can create rights for themselves and gain more equality. 3BB) The National Assembly lasted about two years and was said to be the beginning of the French revolution 3DD) King Louis XVI was killed by the guillotine because he tried to flee Austria and allegedly dressed as a girl to pass through unknowingly but was caught. !writing! while writing you should always remember to put in as much detail as you can into your work, but do not go off topic.
 * BREITWIESER, PETER:**
 * 1A:** King Louis XVI was well liked at the beginning of his reign but later was known for his tyranny and became one of the reasons for the French Revolution and was the only king ever killed by the guillotine.
 * CLASEN, JAMES:**
 * COLE, MATTHEW:**
 * 12A)** The British East India Trading company was put in place to rule India and to conduct trade. It was a very one-sided deal since India did not benefit much from this. This one-sidedness led to the Sepoy rebellion.
 * 12B)** The British wanted to build modes of transportation (i.e. roads canals, railroads etc) to help them trade easier and help the BEITC benefit, not the Indians.
 * 13C)** When the Qing dynasty in China was declining the Westerners took advantage and started trading with them and using them and spread their culture and ideals throughout China.
 * 13G)** The Chinese wanted to be rid of foreign influence and in 1911 their King Ci Xi died and Sun Yat-Sen came into power, instituted Nationalism and started a new China.
 * 14A) **The Meiji Restoration was an series of events that put imperial rule back in Japan and jumpstarted its economy to catch up with Westerners.
 * 14B)** This reinstated Imperialism in Japan and made everybody answer to the Emperor. It made the Emperor a complete monarch and allowed the economy to get into gear.
 * 15A)** The Berlin Conference occurred which divided up Africa amongst a few European countries. All but two countries, Ethiopia and Liberia, were taken over.
 * 16A)** Latin Americans like Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin saw what had happened in America and France and knew that they too could rebel and gain freedom.


 * DEDONATO, MICHAEL:**
 * 1A.**Louis XIV made France one of the strongest European powers during his reign.
 * 1B.**The Thirty Years War consisted of declared and undeclared wars during the years of 1618-1648
 * 1C.** In Russia he changed the way government, religion, class, military, and women's roles ould be used.
 * 1D.**Became a European power in the 18th century under the rule of Frederick the Great.
 * 1E.** The conflict between the two countries dates back to the time of the war against Sigismund
 * Writing:** In a History essay you need to always remember to use as much information as possible. Not knowing and writing enough about the topic of your essay could greatly effect your grade. Always reread your essay out loud to catch key grammar mistakes. This might not kill your grade but you could lose five to ten points that you should have received. Rereading it out loud helps you listen and find the key mistakes.

!Writing! When writing an essay in a history class, its important to use factual information to form your basis statement. When you tell the reader about your topic, you should always find your contradictory facts from a liable source and not from a source that could give you false facts. When you use the information from your source, remember to say where you can find that information so that your reader can see that its is factually correct. Compare that information to something else that contradicts your statement.
 * FREKER, ALEX:2A.** England was the main exception to the growth of absolutism, because the English Civil War was to oppose absolutism and bring more power to the parliament.
 * 3B**.The People of France stormed the Bastille because they wanted to attack Louis the sixth because they wanted to show the royal crown that they were not afraid of taking action against the unrighteous rule that he was putting on them. The taxes and unequal laws that were forced upon them weren't fair at all so they revolted and attacked the heart of the empire.
 * 3C**. The French Revolution showed Colonists that freedom was possible. Colonists looking for freedom took enlightenment ideas, such as; liberty, freedom and equal rights . sp they stated a revolution of their own.

1D: Prussia was German Kingom that had much influence on German and European History. In the 18th century it grew to become a great European power. 1E: Poland and Sweden fought in a serise of wars called the Polish- Swedish wars, that lasted about 1563 to 1721 2A: It was between the Parliament and the Royalists, it started in 1688, it was the overthrow of king James. 2C It limited the power of monarchy, led to the creation of the Bill of Rights, and forced the king to listen to individual citizens 3A: Enlightenment caused people to realize the flaws in the current political system, and made people question their rulers, it caused allot of revolutions. 3B: People realized that it was possible to have a revolution and that nothing was out of the question, it led to the French revolution, and the Haitian revolution, also the British's empire fall from power. 3C: People began to move to cities where there is more opportunity for people to rise from the lower classes, at first it lead to a lower death rate, but then a higher life rate as health care improved. 3D: The upper class was trying to take a lot of control over the government and the king and queen we're to incompetent to focus on the major money problem and just kept 3AA: It showed how unfair things were between the social classes, and it led the third estate to revolt. 3BB It proved that with enough support, that the revolution could work. It also armed all the rebels with necessary weapons. 3CC: It was the official begining of the revolution, and at this point nothing the 2nd or 3rd estate could do to stop it. 5A: With more food and better farming technologies, the cities could become more popular to the farming classes. It led to factories, and higher populations 6A:It increased the standard of living, along with the life expectancy, as more people could afford and acess better health care. Goods could be produced at a much faster rate, and often the country with more factories and production was the more successful country. 6C: It led to more production in cities, and more people moved from the surrounding highlands to the cities in search of wealth and potential success. 7D: Many people died or were critically injured, it also led to laws banning overwork, and eventually child labor in general. 8A: It set an example for the rest of the world, that the most successful countries didn't need to rely on slave trade, it led to the abolition of slave trade around the world. 12A: After the British forced local Indians into the army, they sent some over seas, which was agaisnt the Indian religion, along with the cow and pig fat-greased bullets, it led to much anger among the Indian and Muslim population of India 12B: Which allowed for better transportation, agriculture, and education, all fundamental for a successful civilization. 13A: This increase in population, allowed for more jobs, increase in agriculture productivity, allowed for more people to move to populated trade junctions, and was very beneficial for the country of China 13B; It also greatly angered the local population of China, they felt the the Manchu dynasty could not keep the British in check, and that action must be taken to preserve their nation. 13D: and the British Empire stepped in and defeated the Chinese, forcing open more trade routes, which allowed for more Opium to flow through the Country/ 13E: The Taiping rebellions is the largest unsuccessful rebellion in history, led to one of the most damaging wars in history, and was started by a man who thought he was Jesus's brother. 15A: All major European countries participated, but the Africans had no representatives, it basically said whoever gets to a country first gets to keep it, despite the fact that Africans had no say in it. 15B: These major changes led to increased agricultural production which allowed for a larger population of Africa, it was brought on by the Europeans. 15C: Ethiopia and Liberia were the only free countries, Liberia was set up by the United States, and was deemed a nation for free slaves to return home. Ethiopia was always independent, but had to fight to earn that right.
 * GILLETTE, DANIEL: 3AA.** The National Assembly made an oath that they would continue to work on a new constitution for France no matter what happened, until it was done. This was known as the Tennis Court Oath because they held their meetings at a tennis court.
 * 3BB.** The people of France stormed the Bastille for two reasons: First it was to secure weapons for the upcoming revolution, and secondly to free political prisoners who were arrested by the French government. While they were able to free many of the prisoners, no weaponry was found.
 * 3CC.** Many aspects in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen were based off those found in other documents, such as the Magna Carta and the United States' Declaration of Independence.
 * 3FF.** Napoleon took power from the French government at the time, the Directory, in a violent overthrow known as the coup d'etat in 1799.
 * 3GG.** The leader of the congress, Prince Klemens von Metternich, believed in the Principle of Legitamacy, which meant that lawful monarchs were restored to their positions of power in norder to keep peace and stability in Europe.
 * 5A.** The new technologie that were used in the Agricultural Revolution caused the need for workers on farms to drop a lot. This allowed for there to be a surplus of potential workers for the new factories.
 * 6B.** At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution there was a drastic improvement in the living conditions of people. Because of this, people lived longer and had more kids. This caused the population to increase greatly, along with all of the farmers migrating to the cities, making the living conditions bad due to overpopulation in cities.
 * 6D.** In the factories, if a worker, usually a child, was working poorly or did something to displease the overseers, then they would be beaten mercilessly, sometimes causing permanent injury to the worker.
 * 7D.** Communism is based off Karl Marx's ideas.
 * 5B.** Due to the cheaper transportation the cost of goods went down, allowing for people to buy nicer things.
 * 12A.** India was considered the Crown Jewel of the British Empire.
 * 12C.** Most Indian nationalist leaders were educated in the western ways.
 * 13D.** The loss of the Opium War forced China to pen up its ports with the westerners.
 * 13E.** The Taiping rebellion was caused because many Chinese didn't like the effects of western influence, and they were unhappy with the Chinese government.
 * 14A.** Japan became one of the only countries in the east to become an independent, powerful, westernized country in the east.
 * 14C.** Because of western influence, Japan was able to become a global power that is able to protect itself from European invaders.
 * 15A.** European countries met resistance in some areas from the natives, but they usually crushed the natives with their technology, except in Ethiopia, who westernized so they'd be able to fight off westerners.
 * 15C.** The Europeans were under the impression that all non-whites were uncivilized and needed to be westernized. That is why they were so racist towards Africans.
 * GOSS, MICHAELA: 2A:** The two main sides of this war were the Royalist Cavaliers of Charles I of England and Parliamentarian Roundheads of Oliver Cromwell. For various reasons, loyalties shifted and both sides changed significantly throughout the conflict.
 * 3A:** Enlightenment thinkers influenced the government of France with their ideas of making everyone equal and all having the same rights, and to have a change in rule.
 * 3B:** The American Revolution was influential because, even though they were on the other side of the world, they were able to make themselves a free country and they made a Declaration of Independence and a Bill of Rights, which influenced the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
 * 3C:** France was spending more money than they had, and they were in debt because they had borrowed a lot of money from other countries. This caused a lot of poverty and hunger throughout the country.
 * 3BB:** The storming of the Bastille was the citizens of France rebelling against the government by taking out all of the prisoners kept in there and freeing them. This caused a lot of destruction and made the king very angry.
 * HOHRATH, MICHAEL:**
 * 1A:** Louis was called a "traitor" by Maximilien Robespierre because documents were found proving the fact that Louis was planning to leave France.
 * 1B:** This war was the Catholics solution to the growing problem of Protestantism, but the Protestants showed that they would not bow down to the Catholic Churches power. The result was a long and bloody war

1A. Louis XIV tried to create centralized state governed from the capital, he also got rid of any remaining fuedalism. 2A. The Glorious Revolution was caused by anti-catholic riots. 3BB. The Bastille represented royal authority. It was a large prison and fortress and only contained seven inmates. 4C. The National Constituent Assembly created the August Decrees, abolishing the remaining feudalism that wasn’t already gotten rid of by peasant revolts. 5C. Adam Smith had ideas of a free market; he explained how balanced self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity. 6D. Urbanization caused pollution from the factories. People were forced to work long hours and had dirty living conditions. 7D. Karl Marx created the theory of Marxism. He believed Capitalism was run by the wealthy middle and upper classes and was only for their own benefit. He wanted socialism which would be ran by the working class. 8A. The slave trade act abolished slave trade but not slavery itself. Writing: When writing a History essay you should remember to capitalize names and proper nouns. You should double space your paper. Make sure to use information that pertains to your topic. Try to stay on topic. Include bibliography for the sources you used. Never plagiarize. Only use factual sources. Remember to site the sources you use.
 * KACAVAS, SARAH:**

1A. The monarchy gained all of its power by overtaxing the peasants so they became overly wealthy and then the peasants started to realize this and that’s how the French revolution started. 3B.The economy was failing due to overspending in the queen and kings area and taking too much form the peasants who have very little. 16B. They were never thought of as high class and in America they were considered black which they didn’t like and wanted freedom from America 8B. In Britain when the first realized that slavery was bad it was hard to convince others to feel that’s way too since it had already spread to other nations. 2A.a union of [|Parliamentarians] with an invading army led by the [|Dutch] [|stand holder] William III of [|Orange-Nassau] who, as a result, inherited the English throne as [|William III of England] together with his wife [|Mary II of England] 4C. Because of the French revolution the government with the 3 different estates was taken out and parliament replaced it with democracy. In my writing i found a pattern that i kept repeating were i would not be clear enough in my writing and say "things" of "stuff" a lot which you should never do. Also in historical writing you need to look at all sides of the even because different sides see a situation from different angles and you are allowed to have opinions but you have to be factual and not bias.
 * KOSICKI, SARA:**
 * __ Writing- __**


 * LEE, SAMANTHA:**
 * 1A**:Louis XIV ruled by absolutism, in which he made all the laws, executed the laws, and judged people who disobeyed the laws.
 * 2B**:The Glorious Revolution limited the power of the monarchy by giving Parliament more say in the laws of England.
 * 3EE**:The Reign of Terror was the killing of thousands of French citizens by guillotine lead by Maximilien Robespierre for the belief that they were resisting the new French government.
 * 4B**:The king was no longer thought to be the divine leader of France's government.
 * 8A**:The abolition of the slave trade in Britain caused other countries to start thinking about doing that themselves.
 * 1C**:Serfdom grew largely in Russia and almost all of these serfs belonged to the tsar, but in 1861 the Tsar Alexander II passed the Emancipation Manifesto in attempt to free serfs so that Russia could move into an industrialized civilization.
 * 5A**:With the inventions of agricultural technologies there was more abundant, and healthier, food. This lead to a smaller death rate, with less of a risk of famine, and a higher birth rate because the women ate better and therefor had stronger babies who had a higher chance of survival.
 * 6C**:The middle class grew from the inventors and artisans who were the heads of wealthy factories and benefited from the profits of the Industrial Revolution.
 * 7C**:Robert Owen built a model village with homes and a school for all his mill workers because he believed that the condition of the place you live directly effected your characteristics.
 * 14A**:The Meiji Restoration were a group of leaders in Japan who were determined to study western industrialization and adapt it for Japan so they could slowly become better than the westerners in industries.
 * 9B**:Child labor laws impacted European children because they no longer could work to support there families but now how to go to school to get educated.
 * 12A**:The British East India Trading Company was beneficial to Britain's economy because it was their major source for cash crops, men for their army, and trade with very little cost to the British.
 * 12C**:Gandhi influenced the thoughts of nationalism because he believed that India should be self-sufficient and go back to their old ways, making them proud of what their country had accomplished.
 * 13E**:The Taiping's eventually won the war and took over rule for 14 years, but where taken down by the government.
 * 13G**: In 1911 there uprisings began when their leader Ci Xi died and Sun Yat-Sen quickly took over and became the first president of the Chinese Republic.
 * 14C**:The Japanese adapted and borrowed western ideas such as the telegraph and railroads to have better communication and ship their good easier for trade.
 * 14D**: In 1894 China and Japan had a war over Korea and Japan won easily due to their modernization, and they also won the island of Taiwan.
 * 15B**:Africa had no say in if they wanted the Europeans to take over their country and even though they fought back, they didn't have advanced enough technology to fight them off except for Ethiopia.
 * 16C**: The church of Latin America had a monopoly on education and land, Liberals in Latin America wanted to stop this but the Conservatives wanted the catholic church to keep it's position.

6B: The industrial revolution is the name given to changes occurring in the economy and society of Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, changes which, in different forms, have since spread to many other parts of the globe. 7C: Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction 8B: Britain had outlawed the slave trade with the slave trade act in 1807, with penalties of 100 pounds per slave levied on British captains found importing slaves 9C: Voting Rights changed greatly throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries, with the Reform Act of 1832, which gave representation to previously underrepresented urban areas and extended the qualifications for voting 12A: In the early 1900s, protests and resistance to British rule was increased. More Indians demanded self rule and independence, because the British had controlled to much of what India owned. 12B: It improved India's living style. This helped Indians commute to places faster and allowed the British to sell their factory-made goods in India, and transport Indian goods to England (Trade soared). 13A: China had a good exchange going on until the British requested increased trading rights. They wanted to trade Opium for goods, but opium made people addicted and was unbeneficial. 13B: By the 1800s, the Qing Dynasty was in decline. Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He Valley and its rich farmlands. Official corruption, and tax evasion gave the peasants burden. The civil service system had bribery and cheating scandals. 14A: In 1867, discontented daimyo and samurai led a revolt that unseated the shogun. The restoration period lasted from 1868-1912. The Meiji reformers wanted to strengthen Japan and beat the Westerners. 14B: The Meiji reformers were committed to replacing the rigid old feudal order with a new political and social system, and to building a modern economy. 15A: Africa wasn't really controlled by anyone, so France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, and other countries took over all of it except Ethiopia and Liberia and tried to influence them with western customs. 16C: Most people were Catholics, Catholicism was frequently absorbed, rather than confronted, popular folk religious beliefs. The resulting religion is often overtly Catholic but covertly pagan
 * LIU, MICHELLE: 1A:** Louis XIV’s domestic policy was to transform France. Louis XIV built on Louis XII's policy of extending absolute royal rule to all parts of the kingdom. Louis was the archetypal absolutist monarch.
 * 1B:** The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought mainly in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Naval warfare also reached overseas and shaped the colonial formation of future nations.
 * 1C:** Peter the Great combined Western ideas with Russian tradition to modernize his country and create a powerful army and navy
 * 1D:** The rise of early Prussia was based on the raising of wheat and selling that wheat abroad.
 * 1E: Sweden had been at war with Poland ever since 1600, a war which again and again had been interrupted by periods of truce. Such an armistice expired in November 1620; in 1621, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus succeeded in taking the city of Riga.**
 * 5C:** Adam Smith influenced the behavior of the market, income distribution, and future growth.

6B: The industrial revoulution increased productivity and wealth because with the addition of factories and inventions such as water frames the rate in which materials increased was uncomparable to the rate that it was done by hand. Also it increased wealth because it allowed more people to work and make money. 5D: When the railroads and steam engines were being built the need for iron rose to build the railroads and engines. The old method of smelting iron required wood which took much longer and the demand was growing too fast and Britian had cut down most of its tress to expand farmland, so they resorted to coal which was plentifull and efficient.
 * MACGILLIVRAY, AJ:**

7: Karl Marx believed that there truly was no private property and that the government owned everything. This relates to the ideas of sociallisim and communisim. 8A: When the law was passed in Brittian it made it illegal to obtain or sell slaves, however if you already owned slaves you could keep them and use them on your land. 9B: The child labor laws restricted the age of working to 12 and the children could only work a certain amount of time a day. Old age pensions allowed a retirement fund for the old workers who cannot work anymore and health insurance paid for medical bills that could be caused either inside or outside the factories. 12A: The British Empire ruled over India and gained many resources and trading substances such as Opium which was used to trade with China 12B: The instalation of roads, canals, railroads and universities advanced India with education so the economy was boosted and with the roads, railroads, and canals helped expand the trade into other regions which gave India and in turn Britian wealth. 13B: During the Manchu dynasty the Opium war occured between Britian and China, when China lost they were forced to open up more ports and gave up Hong Kong which gave Britian the upper hand. 13D: The Opium War was when Britian was selling opium to the Chineese which was wrecking the Chineese lives, when the British refused to stop selling Opium to China the war broke out and China lost. 14A: The Meiji restoration was when Japanese leaders wanted to learn Western ideas to get China to open doors to the world. 14C: When Japan borrowed western ideas it kick started tradeing and its economy out of the dark ages 15A:Africas interaction with imperialism was when almost everyone was scrambeling for controll over Africa because of its location. 16B: The economic and social stratification of Latin america was when the white powers discriminated the natives. !writing!: When writing an essay for history class you should add direct quotes from credible sources to add legitimacy to your writings, you should include the author and the page that the information came from. This helps add solid information to your writing which can help prove your point.


 * O'CONNELL, AIDAN:**
 * 1B: The war became more a continuation of the Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers, and less specifically about religion.**
 * 1D:** A great European power in the 18th century. European and German history was greatly affected by the rise.
 * 1A:** Louis wanted to create a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis' minority.
 * 8B: ** The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was an1833 act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom getting rid of slavery throughout most of theBritish Empire.
 * 1E: ** A war between the Polish-Lituanian Commonwealth and Sweden. It lasted from 1563 till 1721. And the 16th century conflict is sometimes referred to as the Livonian War (1558-1583).
 * 6A: ** There was a bigger demand for mass-produced goods, which lead to new factories opening and more things being made which helped the owners become more wealthy.
 * 6D:** The workers would go on strike a lot for different reasons. Low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, and the constant threat of unemployment.
 * 5A:** The seed drill made helped farmers get their work done faster and letting them get more plants planted for a better crop season and more money. This let more food be given to more peolple and people wouldn't die as much.
 * 8B:** The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was an 1833 Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire. It made it so slaves below the age of six were freed, as all slaves over the age of six were redesignated as "apprentices".
 * 8A:** The act abolished the slave trade in the British Empire, but not slavery itself.
 * 12B:** The British built railways and paved roads, which helped India's economy.
 * 12C:** Ghandi showed a younger generation of Indian's that the Brithish could be defeated by winning some battles.
 * 13D:** The Opium War was started by the Chinese because the English were trading it to them and it was destroying CHinese lives. They made it illegal to sell Opium and they went to war with the British.
 * 13E:** The Taiping Rebellion was a widespread civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, led by heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, against the ruling Qing Dynasty. About 20 million people died, mainly civilians, in one of the deadliest military conflicts in history.
 * 14A:** The Meiji Restoration was a chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868. The Restoration led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure.
 * 14B:** The abolition of fuedalism let all Japanese equal before law and made them all the subjects of the Emperor. This ended social hierarchy which took away class privileges for the wealthier and gave some to the poorer people.
 * 15A:** Since there was no real controller of Africa, it was a scramble to see who could take control of the most countries. Every country exept Ethiopia and Liberia was taken over. Ethiopia had fought off the Italian's to save their freedom. The countries wanted Africa because of its resources and it was more land to say you ruled over.
 * 16B:** The white people were discriminant of the blacks because they had gone in and taken them over. The didn't feel the need to be nice to them. The blacks were different than them and that made them be mean. They made the blacks their slaves and treated them badly.
 * !Writing!:** When writing a paper for history class you need to have an opening paragraph with a good thesis statement saying what is in your paper. You need to have a few good body paragraphs with good factual information that you get from websites, books or anywhere that has information on your topic. And finally there needs to be a conclusion that sums up your whole paper. The paper should be typed, double spaced and size 12. There needs to be a bibliography that has every source you used to find your information to write your paper. You should do two words when you could do one, such as: can't should be can not and don't should be do not.

1B: At the beginning, the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between the Protestants and the Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. 2A: There were many causes of the war. Some including, Parliament appoints the Comittee of Safety, The Ninteen Propositions rejected, the Long Parliament passes the Militia Ordinance. 3A: French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets. 3B: France entered the American Revolutionary War(1775–1783) in 1778, and assisted in the victory of the Americans seeking independence from Britain. 8A: The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire. **5B.** The railroads and canals made it possible for people to travel and share ideas. The steamboats traveled in canals.
 * O'KEEFE, ERIN**:
 * 5A. ** There were many new machines built to improve agriculture and farming. Since the machines required less farmers and workers, it made people jobless. These people that didn't have jobs needed somewhere to work, so they were the ones that started working in the factories. This is something that started the Industrial Revolution.
 * 6B. ** The population grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution. One cause was because people were having more children. That wasn't that main cause though, the main cause was because people were living longer. The crops were better and healthier due to better agriculture, so less people dies of disease and starvation.
 * 7. ** One idea of Karl Marx is that the working class will eventually unite and form a Revolution. He worked with Engels and published the "Communist Manifesto."
 * 6D. ** The working conditions in the factories were awful. Especially with the young children working in the factories. Many people argued and fought for outlawing the work of children. Eventually there were laws restricting the conditions and the age of the workers.
 * 12A.** Britain took over India because India has always had a diverse background. They though India would become the "brightest jewel" in the british empire.
 * 12C.** Gandhi was a man that helped the Indians stand up against racism. People always judged him and finally he had enough of it, he helped the Indians stand up for themselves.
 * 13D.** The Opium War started because the British were illegally selling opium to the Chinese. This made the Chinese addicted and then they started dying. The Chinese emperor banned opium but the British sold it anyway resulting in the Opium War. In the end, the chinese had to give 21 million ounces of silver and their ports to Britain.
 * 13E.** The Taiping Rebellion was fought to kick out foreigners. The rebellion lasted for twelve years from 1852-64. Over 20 million people died.
 * 14A.** When the Meiji emperor was restored as head of Japan in 1868, the nation was a militarily weak country, was primarily agricultural, and had little technological development.

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 * 14B. **The abolition of fuedalism let all Japanese equal before law and made them all the subjects of the Emperor. This ended social hierarchy which took away class privileges for the wealthier and gave some to the poorer people.=====
 * 15A.** Ethiopia survived the taking over in the highlands of East Africa. It had been divided up among a number of rival princes who ruled their own domains.
 * 16D.** Trade was important to Latin America because it was the way they got their money and goods. They needed the ports that they had to have lots of trade.

OFOSU, MAX: 4C. The French Revolution ended Feudalism and helped to unify France and it also increased the power off the National state. 8A. At first, people viewed slavery should continue and not end. The abolition of slavery was a very difficult for people to accept. 16B. The Whites considered the people peasants and discriminated against them. Although the blacks were denied freedom they always had hope of seeing an end to slavery. 1A.Louis was called a "traitor" by Maximilien Robespierre because documents were found proving the fact that Louis was planning to leave France. 3A.Enlightenment thinkers focused on reason, science, and knowledge rather than religion or law.


 * OMOBONO, ALEXANDRA:**
 * 1A:** Louis XIV's domestic policy was to transform France. Louis XIV built on Louis Xlll's policy of extending absolute royal rule. He spread this system throughout his kingdom.
 * 1B:** The Peace of Westphalia is a series of peac treaties signed between May and October of 1648. These treaties actually ended the Thirty Year's War in the Holy Empire.
 * 1C:** Peter the Great westernized Russia, while they strengthened the monarchy and feudal system. He revolutionized the way government, religion, class, military, and women's roles would work in the Russian Empire.
 * 1D:** Prussia was the former state and kingdom of Germany. At it's height of expansion it streched from the coasts of Baltic and North Seas, from Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Luxembourg on the west of the Russian Empire. This happend in the late 19th century.
 * 1E:** The Polish-Swedish War happend during 1600-1629. This war developed from the Swedish Civil War of 1597-98.
 * 6A:** In 1907 the first commercial steam engine was launched in the U.S. Later on, in 1850, railroads circled the world. The Industrial Revolution made traveling faster and safer and it was one of the major parts of the Industrial Revolution.
 * 6D:** Working conditions harmed the workers, and the air. Factories polluted the air and made cities stuffy and more conjusted. The workers were usually hurt by the big machinesw that they used.
 * 5A:** The Industrial Revolution started with technoilogy spreading, trade becoming easier to do, because of the transportation system which was created.
 * 5B:** When tranportaion and canals were created this did lead to new markets and better trading. It helped people around the world connect much easier.
 * 7:** Karl Marx was an enlightment thinker. He wrote and published the Communist Manifesto ( a top 10 book) in 1848.
 * 12A:** Britain controlled India through the Britain East India Company. India did not like being under British rule. The gained many resources.
 * 12B:** By building roads, canals, railroads, and universities, this sparked a new generation for India. These also inspired different ideas.
 * 13D:** The Opium War was fought between Britain and China. Britain kept trading opium with China, and China was mad because 1 out of 4 people became addicted to Opium.
 * 13F:** The Boxer Rebellion's goal was to drive out foreign devils who were polluting the land in UN-Chinese ways.
 * 14A:** The young 15 year old emperor, began a long reign. This period from 1868 to 1912, was known as the Mejj Restoration, or the turning point in Japanese History.
 * 14B:** The government set up a backing system, built railroads, improved parts, and organized a telegraph and postal system.
 * 15A:** European Countries tried taking over Africa. The only countries that didn't get taken over were Liberia and Ethiopia.
 * 16D:** Trade was so important in Latin America in the 20th century. It made a lot of money, and spread idea throughout the world.

**ROSADO, SIANA** : 5A: Because of new inventions such as the seed drill, plow, etc. farming jobs were now easier tasks, and more crops could be planted and harvested for a vaster amount of cash flow. 5B:Railroads made it easier to transport large amounst of goods to far away places quickly. Canals were built so that factories didn't have to be built so close to rivers. 5C: Adam Smith argued that the free market should have the open right to operate and run businesses. He also believed in the idea of supply and demand to regulate a business. 5D: Although steam engines could work continuously at a fast pace, coal was a major power source. 5E:There is no 5E ..?

ROY, MELISSA: 1A When Louis demanded European recognition of all his territorial gains—and did so by invading German lands to compel such recognition—he precipitated the League of Augsburg war in which he faced the ‘Grand Alliance’ of the English, Dutch, Spanish, and Austria, along with several lesser German states and Savoy. During this war Louis's army won all its major battles and enjoyed the upper hand in siege warfare, but the struggle so exhausted France that Louis sacrificed some of his earlier acquisitions to secure a peace settlement.

2A On September 3,1651 the war ended at the Battle of Worcester when Parliament defeated the Royalists. The expression "Glorious Revolution" was first used by John Hampden in late 1689, and is an expression that is still used by the British Parliament.

3A Thinkers had ideas that soon overthrew the king and queen.

4A By reducing the power of the monarchy, the modern nationalism was coming into view.

5A The Slave Act began how other countries thought about slavery. Soon others were creating their own Slave Acts and allowed more black rights.

5B Railroads allowed the transportation of coal from coal mines to factories, which enabled greater productions in the factories.

6B The increasing population led to more workers in the factories thus creating urbanized cities with more factories, houses, and city like buildings.

7 Marx was a communist thinker who believed that the government should provide for all.

8A The Slave Act ended slave trade which was Britian's large industry.

9B Child labor laws induced by the Sadler committee stated that children under 12 years of age cannot work in factories.

14A The Meiji Restoration was the Japanese westernization.

12A Indians were forced to be sepoys but were mistreated when the bullet sacks they had to bite were greased with pig fat.

12B The building of these made India more successful in becoming westernized.Further advancements were made starting with roads, canals, railroads, and universities.

13E A rebellion of peasants and farmers. They wanted more rights and better treatment.

13F Boxers were trained by martial arts specialists and were anti-foriegners.

14A The westernization of Japan which involved traditional ideas and new ones.

14C The growth of industrialzation helped Japan become a wealthy country back in the day and led them to be very powerful now.

15A Ethiopia was one of the only two countries that fought off the European imperialism. They battled with Italy and won.

16B White people discriminated against Latin Americans because they werent white but they also werent black.

**RUVALCABA, ERIN** : 1A: Louis XIV created the Absolute Monarchy, a form of government which was to last in France until 1789, the time of the french revolution under his rule france became the most powerful nation of Europe. 1B: One result of the thirty-years war was the division of germany into many territories. 1C:Peter the Great was determined to reform the domestic structure of Russia. He had a simple desire to push Russia into the modern era as existed then. 1D:Prussia's power grew and in 1772, under Frederick the Great, consisted of the provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Danzig, West Prussia and East Prussia. 1E:The core of the Polish state was in the west and Poland was often distracted by wars with western powers, especially Sweden.

**SUMNER, KAILEY:** 1A: Though he reigned mostly in the 17th century, Louis XIV helped begin France's important age of politics and culture in the 18th century. 2A: The English Civil War of 1642-1651 was a series of conflicts between the Parliamentarians and the Royalist forces of King Charles I, parliament wanted reduce the power of the monarchy. 3AA: The National Assembly was declared at the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 and lasted until 1791. 4D: The French National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man which had some similarities to the American Declaration of Independence. 8A: The British Parliament was forced to make laws against slave trading because they wanted to encourage the trade of goods with Africa. In 1807, Britain finalized a measure to end slavery within its borders. 14A: During the 17th century the government of Tokugawa shongunate had rule Japan maintaining the country's isolation from the other nations. The Meji Restoration made many reforms that made the Japanese society better while keeping the emperors power. 9A: Chartism was a movement in Great Britain during the 1830s and 1840s. It was the first independent working-class movement in the world. 1B: The Thirty Years' war went on from 1618 until 1648. 1D: For centuries Prussia was influenced by German and European history. Prussia took part in a number of wars and has been involved in numerous affairs with other countries.

SUN, DARYL: 1A. Louis XIV policies made France greater he dragged France out of mediavel ages and since his reign, France became the ideal culture. He influenced the enlightment era, he him self living in the majestic Versialles. 1B. The Peace of Westphalia largely settled German affairs for the next century and a half; it ended religious conflicts in the states and included official recognition of Calvinism. It changed the boundaries of the empire, France, Sweden, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Bavaria. This made the Holy Roman Empire lose tremendous power. 1C. Peter the great was known for dragging Russia out of medieval times and westernizing Russia. Peter the great also put efforts to improve the Russian Navy. He centralized the governments modernized the army his domestic policies allowed him to execute an aggressive foreign policy. 1D. Prussia, located on German land it was poor in population it started to get better when a ruling family of the state of Brandenburg obtained Prussia as a hereditary duchy in 1525. In 1618 there was unification under the rule of the Hohenzollern family. It is when Fredrick William was ruler when the German states were weak he further unified the lands and welcome French, German and Swiss protestants from refugees from religious persecution 1E. The polish Swedish war was developed from the Swedish Civil War. There was an alliance between the Commonwealth of Polish-Lithuania and Sweden towards the end of the Livonian War. Sigismund Vasa, the Heir to the Swedish throne, had been elected king of Poland -Lithuania in an attempt to secure the alliance instead he did not gain the Swedish Throne and instead the Swedish throne was given to Charles IX. 6A. With the productive growt of techonology such as steam allows inventions such as trains which led to faster transportaion of products which allows business to gain profit. The railroad tracks were easily made and was cheap so it was produced in great sums. 6B. Population issues were bad due to needs of money, on top of that factories often pollute the air and water making an unhealthy environment. Also sewage and waste was not supervised much leading to dysentary and other diseases. Pollutants such as smoke from trains and factories, or dumped material. 6C. The middle class helped economic status for its the middle class which will be majority in future cases the middle class were usually the artisans craftsmen carpenters, and and business owners. 6**D.The harsh work led to deformities in children due to weak limbs and worked up bodies. Also its very dangerous, such as the case of Mary Richardson who was caught in a shaft, only one incident out of thousands. Hospitals around factories reported thousands of injuries and many deaths due to poor factory regulations and safety policies.** 13D.China thougt they were the leading power and had everything, they refused trade with the british and soon were introduced to Opium which caused 1 of 4 people in china addicted to it. then the chinese attacked the opium merchants and took all of it and dumped it into a pit mixed it with lime and flushed it into the river. The british were mad and they went to war and China loss due to advanced weaponry of the British so the Chinese loss and had to pay 21 mil onces of siver, gave them Hong Kong and had to open more trade for westerners. 13E. This Rebellion was led by Hong Xuiquan was a failed attempt to kick out western influence out of the region, the Chinese at the time were not in a good state after osing the opium war and multiple other things they were in bad times. The aftermath of the rebellion was over 20 million people killed, and the inevitable western influences were still being brought into China, due to its location on the world, with countries surrounding the nation. 14C.Before the Meiji Restoration Japan was still in the fuedal system, then during the Meiji Restoration Inflences and ideas from the west was intervened with Japanese culture and architecture which led to Japan being more modern. 14D.During the Meiji Restoration Japan began to industrialize its cities and started to gain profits and soon had factories, Japan than westernized and added western technology to all their advancements. 15A.Imperialism in Africa was planned during the Berlin Conference which was met to prevent violence over conquering land in Africa although many European powers were present, no African person was present at the meeting. Europeans thought that if no Europeans were in an area than it is up for grabs. 16A.Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin were both military and knew the chances of rebellion was good because of the American revolution when America gained freedom from the British. They then lead to Independence.
 * 40A.The USSR collapsed because of influences of other countries who were gaining freedom and independence from the soviets, the people saw what they are capable of doing and they overwhelmed the government and the economy collapsed and before anyone knows it the berlin wall is torn down.**
 * 12B. By building roads and canals profits were higher due to more trade in India which is already a center of trade routes by adding these advancements even more money was produced and transportaion was much easier.**
 * 12C. Ghnadi looked towards the young and influenced them to revolt peacefully without violent actions toward the British and that in time they will win.**

TORRES, CHRISTOPHER: 3B Enlightenment Ideas from the American Revolution were noticed by the french and the 3rd estate agreed with most of these ideas. 3C Because the French army had just lost a war the country was already deep in debt the fact that peseants and the middle class could not afford to pay these only hightened the threat of an economic melt down and finally deficit spending pushed them over the edge . 3D 2nd and 1st estate had only 5-2% of all of the population but had most of the money. Because of this they baught anything they wanted. The French Peseants could not pay taxes so the debt from the war was not being payed and the government was continuing to spend.

3DD He tried to flee to austria (long time enemy of France) and allegedly dressed as a girl to pass through unknowingly. He was cought and killed by guillotine

3EE Thousands of people (mostly the 3rd estate) were killed in a rather short amount of time, ending with it's own leader Maximillien Robespierre.

5A New technology's were being discovered meaning that the scientific advancement was astronomical in this time, it lead to many mills being made to produce products at a maximum rate.

5C. More lower paying jobs were made as a product of the mills, because they could not afford to pay everyone a lot, many people were payed little. This made a growth in the 2 lower classes (consisting of lower or working class and middle class).

6A. The industrial revolution brought forth many social changes but the largest was the distinquishing of lower (or working) classes and the upper class

5D Because of the amount of people now living in the larger cities, tighter living spaces were made to accommodate the growing population.

6D Marx belief was that "private property" was bad, and that things should be owned by the people. He also said that if someone is in need to government will help them, they will provide EVERYONE with housing, food and work

12A India was being used by britain for its resources so they could make money and use cheap labor by the indians

12B The British needed easier ways of traveling throughout the country and they built these roads canals and railways, they also lead to a further industrialization and modernization of india

13C The british sold them opium which ultimately destroyed the chinese society ultimately landing millions addicted.

13D The war started with the chinese dumping a lot of opium laced with lime into the delta deeming it useless 15A Ethiopia maitained unconquered because of their modernization and new weapons which helped them defeat the italians in the late 1800's

15B Africans were forced to labor by europeans they were often beaten and killed because of the europeans racism

16C The Spanish Conquistadors also brought the idea of christianity which spread among all of latin america

16B They were not treated as equals to the europeans because of their skin colour they were exploited by the europeans repeatedly

! Writing!: When writing a paper you should double check that you are stating fact and not what may not be fact. Personal opinions should be left out and statements should take their place. So instead of saying, I believe Abraham Lincoln was the best president, you would say, Abraham Lincoln was the best president. Several edits should be made to make sure that your writing is the best work possible. Proper language and spelling should also be used when writing a paper.

VI, VICKIE: 1A: By the early 1680s Louis had greatly augmented French influence in the world. Domestically, he successfully increased the Crown's influence and authority over the Church and aristocracy. 1B: Over a four year period, the parties (Holy Roman Emperor, France and Sweden) were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia. The end of the war was not brought about by one treaty but instead by a group of treaties. 2A: The wars left England, Scotland, and Ireland among the few countries in Europe without a monarch. 4A: The French Revolution paved the way for the modern nation-state. Across Europe radical intellectuals questioned the old monarchial order and encouraged the development of a popular nationalism committed to re-drawing the political map of the continent. 5B: The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.

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5D: The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilisation of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in texile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. ======

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7C:Owen helped institute protective age laws for child workers, dramatically improved workers' living conditions, and provided educational facilities and instruction for his employees and their children. ======